Evolusi Ekonomi Bahrain: Perjalanan dari Era Minyak ke Diversifikasi Sektor

Authors

  • Riadhotul Muamalah sunan ampel state Islamic university surabaya Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70214/kar8d918

Keywords:

Bahrain , Ekonomi, Diversifikasi

Abstract

Sebagai negara kepulauan dengan cadangan minyak terbatas, Bahrain menghadapi kerentanan struktural yang berakar pada ketergantungan historisnya pada sektor hidrokarbon. Studi ini menganalisis strategi diversifikasi ekonomi Bahrain yang berfokus pada keuangan, pariwisata, teknologi informasi, dan UKM melalui pendekatan kualitatif yang didasarkan pada kerangka teoritis Ekonomi Kelembagaan Baru (NIE). Studi ini mengevaluasi bagaimana reformasi kelembagaan, seperti Visi Ekonomi Bahrain 2030 dan kotak pasir regulasi, serta insentif fiskal (PPN dan pajak perusahaan), telah mendorong transformasi struktural. Kontribusi sektor non-minyak terhadap PDB telah meningkat dari 50% pada tahun 2000 menjadi lebih dari 80% pada tahun 2023. Keberhasilan utama meliputi pertumbuhan keuangan Islam (16–18% dari PDB) dan perluasan UKM (30% dari PDB), yang didukung oleh kebijakan kepemilikan asing penuh dan program pelatihan Tamkeen. Sektor-sektor ini telah menciptakan lapangan kerja sekaligus meningkatkan stabilitas makroekonomi dan mendorong ekosistem yang didorong oleh inovasi. Namun demikian, tantangan yang terus berlanjut seperti ketergantungan pada tenaga kerja asing (70% dari angkatan kerja), persaingan regional dengan Dubai dan Arab Saudi, serta keterbatasan lahan (786,5 km²) menuntut solusi yang adaptif. Secara teoritis, studi ini menerapkan konsep ketergantungan jalur (path dependency) Douglass North dan teori biaya transaksi Oliver Williamson untuk memahami transisi kelembagaan di negara-negara Teluk yang bergantung pada rente. Secara praktis, studi ini menawarkan wawasan bagi para pembuat kebijakan di negara-negara berpenghasilan menengah dengan keterbatasan sumber daya yang berupaya diversifikasi jangka panjang. Temuan ini menggarisbawahi perlunya pendekatan holistik yang menggabungkan reformasi regulasi, pengembangan sumber daya manusia, dan insentif investasi yang terarah untuk mencapai transformasi ekonomi pasca-minyak yang berkelanjutan.

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Published

2025-10-22

How to Cite

Evolusi Ekonomi Bahrain: Perjalanan dari Era Minyak ke Diversifikasi Sektor. (2025). Jurnal Sosial Humaniora, 2(2), 139-149. https://doi.org/10.70214/kar8d918

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